Modeling the Impact and Risk Assessment of Urbanization on Urban Heat Island and Thermal Comfort Level of Beijing City, China (2005–2020)

Rapid urbanization poses a threat to various ecosystem services. Beijing has undergone extensive infrastructure development in recent years. The study aims extract land surface temperature (LST) and use cover (LUC) data from satellite imagery, identify urban heat island (UHI) areas Beijing, determine the correlation between LST, LUC, NDVI, BUI. It will also investigate relationship UHI built/unbuilt areas, evaluate thermal comfort using UTFVI, assess ecological quality of different types Ecological Evaluation Index (EEI). results can inform planning management rapidly urbanizing climate-changing regions. Changes LUC other activities affect distribution LST. For years (2005–2020), estimated mean LST was 24.72 °C, 27.07 26.22 27.03 respectively. A significant positive (r = 0.96 p > 0.005) found with infrastructures. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) outperformed Adj R2 0.74, suggesting that extent an is strongly dependent on settlements, composition, size, terrain surrounding communities. Urban hotspots city were identified validated Google Earth imagery. (EEI) value relatively low compared ecosystem-related units. EEI showed continuous increase six percent most negative categories, indicating unstable environment. This concludes affects city’s environment, findings would help regulate Beijing.